
After the welding procedure, the welds were examined macroscopically. Figure 3 presents the top surface of the as-received weldments, while the red arrows indicate the welding direction. It can be observed that the length of the beads did not extend to the edges of the sheets so that the possible melting of the. . The microstructural characteristics inside the weld metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ) of all the welds were observed by the use of a light optical. . The weldments were further tested under uniaxial tensile loading, aiming to the estimation of the yield and the tensile strength, as well as the. . The microhardness profiles of the specimens were determined with the use of the Vickers hardness test HV 0.3, which was carried out on the mid. [pdf]

Hard carbons are extensively studied for application as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries, but only recently a great interest has been focused toward the understanding of the sodium storage mechanism a. . Rechargeable alkali metal-ion batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [1], sodium-ion. . Definition and terminology related to hard carbonsHard carbons received their popular name due to their mechanical hardness compared with s. . The structural and morphological features of carbon-based materials for application in electrochemical energy storage systems have been investigated using several analytical techniq. . Several promising hard carbon materials have been proposed for application as anode in SIBs. Despite new material development represents a crucial research field in search of. . In line with the SIB philosophy, the sustainability of the employed materials represents a key parameter for the successful implementation of the developed materials in com. [pdf]
When used as the negative electrode in sodium-ion batteries, the prepared hard carbon material achieves a high specific capacity of 307 mAh g –1 at 0.1 A g –1, rate performance of 121 mAh g –1 at 10 A g –1, and almost negligible capacity decay after 5000 cycles at 1.0 A g –1.
In this work, we show the benefit of a mixed composite electrode containing ionic and electronic conducting additives for a sodium-ion battery negative electrode. Hard carbon electrodes with 5 % additive containing different proportions of zeolite and carbon black are coated.
Among the most promising technologies aimed towards this application are sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Currently, hard carbon is the leading negative electrode material for SIBs given its relatively good electrochemical performance and low cost.
Therefore, N-doped hard carbon structures greatly enhance the rate performance of sodium-ion batteries (capacity of 192.8 mAh g –1 at 5.0 A g –1) and cycling stability (capacity of 233.3 mAh g –1 after 2000 cycles at 0.5 A g –1).
It comprehensively elucidates the key bottleneck issues of the hard carbon anode structure and electrolyte in sodium-ion batteries and proposes several solutions to enhance the performance of hard carbon materials through structural design and electrolyte optimization.
Previous research has shown that defects in hard carbon can have both positive and negative effects on the performance of sodium-ion batteries , , , , , .
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